Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance Benefits, Risks, and Regulation Free Essays

Kaitlyn Paul Ani Govjian English 105 2 October 2012 Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance: Benefits, Risks, and Regulation Abstract Creatine, being a characteristic structure obstruct in quick jerk muscle vitality flexibly, can likewise be utilized by competitors as an enhancement to increment solid execution. It very well may be grouped by numerous athletic relationship as a muscle building supplement, much like anabolic steroids, and these affiliations consider when producing use approaches for rivalry. In any case, there are numerous dangers related with such use: organ disappointments, blood clumps, and a decrease of the adequacy of normal creatine stores inside the body. We will compose a custom paper test on Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance: Benefits, Risks, and Regulation or on the other hand any comparative point just for you Request Now The absence of guideline on such enhancements additionally presents the dangers of sullying and responses with other substance ingested at the same time just as independently. The ramifications of creatine supplement use have not been completely evolved and further exploration should be led to improve the constrained information base of the total capacity of this intricate substance so as to secure the wellbeing of the competitors utilizing them. Key Terms Creatine, phosphocreatine, type II (quick jerk) muscle strands, National Collegiate Athletic Association (NCAA), ATP (Adenosine-5-triphosphate), Food and Drug Administration (FDA), wholesome enhancements Introduction Performance upgrading drugs have been utilized and mishandled in sports for as long as history specialists can recollect. One such substance, creatine, could be considered the non-steroidal anabolic steroid. Utilization of this enhancement has spiked and has spread across different athletic controls. While creatine most certainly adds to muscle execution in competitors, insufficient exploration and guideline to completely think of it as sheltered or even to comprehend its consequences for the body have happened. Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance Creatine is a normally happening amino corrosive that is delivered in the pancreas, liver, and kidneys and is utilized as a vitality hotspot for the body’s skeletal muscles. It is additionally ingested with the utilization of meats and fish (Creatine Supplements 2011). The body holds this substance and changes over it into phosphocreatine which is put away inside the muscles for sometime in the future. Phosphocreatine is then changed over into ATP (Adenosine-5-triphosphate) when the phones inside sort II or â€Å"fast twitch† muscle filaments call upon it during brief, high power exercise, for example, runs or limits (Jenkins 1998). Utilizing an enhancement to expand creatine levels inside the body has gotten broadly famous among competitors as it builds quality and assists work with inclining bulk during practices that use type II muscle filaments (Ehrlich 2011). In any case, because of its arrangement as a muscle building supplement, much like anabolic steroids, the NCAA denies the gracefully of creatine enhancements to competitors by school authorities of any sort (Greenwood 2008). Along these lines, the competitor is liable for the choice and utilization of creatine enhancements should he/she choose to take them. Dangers of Creatine Consumption Creatine guarantees benefits that are each athlete’s dream, for example, expanded bulk and improved execution. In any case, research has demonstrated that there are some substantial wellbeing concerns with respect to creatine utilize that competitors might need to consider before choosing to ingest this specific enhancement, for example, renal and liver issues, circulatory strain, and foremost compartment condition (Greenwood 2008). An expanded danger of stroke can likewise be brought about by the unnecessary utilization of creatine, particularly when joined with ordinarily ingested substances, for example, non-steroidal calming drugs like ibuprofen (Advil) and naproxen (Aleve) or caffeine (Ehrlich 2011). The drawn out utilization of creatine can likewise end up being hazardous to one’s wellbeing with reactions from muscle issues to seizures, going in seriousness with length of presentation (Creatine Supplements 2011). Dosing and abuse are additionally significant elements to be thought of. With generally 44% of secondary school senior competitors having detailed utilizing creatine in one specific examination, it is apparent that an enormous number of clients have not yet arrived at adulthood (Creatine Supplements 2011). In spite of the fact that creatine has experienced some exploration, there is none that has shown its security in clients younger than 19 which is the biggest segment of clients that experience overdose (Ehrlich 2011). Since creatine happens normally with the utilization of meat items and creation inside the liver and kidneys from amino acids, when one enhancements their eating routine with exogenous creatine, it eases back the creation of common creatine along these lines expanding their need to take supplements and facilitating the first issue (Jenkins 1998). Moreover, the negative impacts of creatine might be aggravated by different substance in the enhancements. FDA Regulation of Supplements The Food and Drug Administration in the United States doesn't control the substance of wholesome enhancements nor does it manage/guarantee legitimate marking on item compartments. The FDA basically requires detailing of antagonistic responses to the substance of said supplements as they happen. Due to the absence of guideline from the FDA, any enhancement, including creatine, might contain substances hurtful to the client as a competitor or potentially as a person (Jenkins 1998). For example, there have been reports of contaminants inside creatine, for example, dicyandiamide and dihydrotriazine, which are both microbiocides: substances that execute microorganisms or 90% of cells in the human body (Greenwood 2008). Further, since creatine is still generally a riddle concerning its consequences for significant organ frameworks and its belongings when joined with normally devoured substances, for example, caffeinated drinks and over-the-counter medications, ingesting it can end up being amazingly perilous seeing as how a larger part of Americans utilize these substances all the time. End The utilization of creatine, however intensely supported by the requests of society on competitors to be more grounded or quicker than their rivals, can possibly demolish an athlete’s vocation as a result of the large number of dangers. One may see the words â€Å"all natural† on a jug and expect that creatine supplements are sheltered to expend, however competitors ought to be instructed about the potential impacts on their body and athletic vocation over the long haul. Creatine should be restricted in athletic rivalry and contenders should be liable to testing like that of anabolic steroids until further examination and developments have been finished to guarantee the respectability and wellbeing of the item. The FDA needs to actualize increasingly prohibitive guidelines on enhancements of any sort to lessen the chance of sullying as well as inappropriate marking. There is no uncertainty that creatine had a huge number of impacts dependent on its regular rigins inside the body, yet competitors, and individuals when all is said in done, should be savvy about what they put in their body and gauge the dangers over the advantages. References Ehrlich S, commentator. 2011. Creatine [Internet]. Baltimore, MD: University of Maryland Medical System; [cited 2012 Sept 13]. Accessible from: http://www. umm. edu/altmed/articles/creatine-000297. htm Greenwood M. 2008. Creatine diagram: realities, false notions, and future. Fundamentals of Creatine in Sports and Health. [Cited 2012 Sept 11]; 211-240. SpringerLink [Internet]. Springer, Part of Springer Science+Business Media. date unknown]. Accessible from: http://www. springerlink. com/content/p5x7536l76h55717/fulltext. pdf. Framework Requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader and membership required for get to. Jenkins MA, creator. 1998. Creatine supplementation in competitors: survey [Internet]. SportsMed Web; [cited 2012 Sept 11]. Accessible from: http://www. rice. edu/~jenky/sports/creatine. html Unknown, compiler/creator. 2011. Creatine supplements [Internet]. American Academy of Orthopedic Surgeons; [cited 2012 Sept 13]. Accessible from: http://orthoinfo. aaos. organizatio n/subject. cfm? topic=a00373 The most effective method to refer to Creatine and Improved Athletic Performance: Benefits, Risks, and Regulation, Papers

Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Thirteen Free Essays

Miranda sat in the vehicle watching the force vessel vanish not too far off, taking Sibby any place she was going. You have no opportunity to unwind, she reminded herself. Appointee Reynolds may be set out toward jail, however he can even now talk, and you realize he lied about how he discovered you, which implies somebody at Chatsworth knows something, and afterward there’s the topic of who put the abundance on your head and- Her PDA rang. We will compose a custom exposition test on Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Thirteen or then again any comparative subject just for you Request Now She came to over the seat to snatch her suit coat and attempted to stick her hand into the pocket to get the telephone, yet the cuff wristband continued getting captured. She turned the coat over and dumped everything onto her lap. She got it on the last ring. â€Å"Hello.† â€Å"Miranda? It’s Will.† Her heart halted. â€Å"Hi.† Suddenly feeling timid. â€Å"Did you, um, have some good times at prom?† â€Å"Parts of it. You?† â€Å"Me as well. Portions of it.† â€Å"I searched for you after the bomb danger, yet I didn’t see you.† â€Å"Yeah, it got sort of hectic.† There was a delay and the two of them began talking on the double. He stated, â€Å"You first,† and she stated, â€Å"No, you,† and the two of them laughed hysterically and he began, â€Å"Listen, I don’t know whether you were intending to come to Sean’s place for the after-party. Everybody is here. It’s fun what not. Yet, † â€Å"But?† â€Å"I was thinking about whether possibly you’d need to eat. At the Waffle House? Simply the two of us?† Miranda neglected to relax. She stated, â€Å"That would be totally fantastic.† And recalling that she wasn’t expected to be excessively excited, included, â€Å"I mean, that would be alright, I guess.† Will giggled, his warm-margarine softening on-break-quick treats chuckle, and stated, â€Å"I figure it would be totally phenomenal, too.† She hung up and saw that her hands were shaking. She was eating with a person. Not only a person. With Will. A person who wore space pants. Also, thought she was hot. Furthermore, perhaps insane. Which, p.s., decorating with binds isn't actually going to help. She attempted again to snap the wristbands with her hand however she couldn’t. Either these weren’t ordinary sleeves or taking out ten individuals in a single night-really eight, since she’d done two of them twice-was the constraint of her quality. Which was intriguing, her quality having limits. She had a long way to go about her forces. Afterward. At this moment, she had thirty minutes to locate some other method to get the sleeves off. She began pushing things from her lap once more into the pocket of her suit coat so she could drive, at that point halted when she saw a new box. It was the one Sibby had given her when they met-might it be able to genuinely be just eight hours prior? What had she stated, something odd. Miranda recalled that it now, Sibby giving her the name sign and the case and saying, â€Å"This must be yours.† But with the accentuation extraordinary. â€Å"This must be yours.† Miranda opened the container. Inside, settled in dark velvet, was a cuff key. It is safe to say that you are prepared to possess your future? It merited an attempt. The most effective method to refer to Prom Nights from Hell Chapter Thirteen, Essay models

Questions about Blogging

Questions about Blogging Yesterday, a prefrosh friend of mine sent me this Facebook message: I hate to bug you with a blog-related question, but you seem to be the best person to ask. Im considering applying to be a blogger, but Im concerned about the time commitment. My on-campus job is 6-10 hours per week, and I plan on continuing studio art, photo, and dance. I got into F/ASIP and entered the lottery for advising seminars (and may apply for one of the learning communities). Im hoping to do a spring UROP, too. Im pretty organized with academic work, but I still cant gauge how much time everything will consume. Do you think that, even if I got the position, being a blogger would be kind of overkill? I really love the whole concept of the blogs, but I dont want to ruin someone elses chances if my applying isnt appropriate. Many thanks, and hope youre enjoying the rest of your summer! After a little consideration, I sent back this response: During my first semester at MIT, on the academic side of things, I took four science classes, a six-unit advising seminar, and F/ASIP. As far as extracurriculars go, I was involved in student government, MURJ, Assassins Guild, Medlinks training (which was basically my Friday evenings), and other smaller commitments in addition to blogging. Not to mention I had just joined a fraternity, so I spent a lot of time at our house, getting to know my brothers, learning my fraternitys history, and that sort of thing. If you check my blog archive, youll notice that I blogged a lot more during the spring semester than in the fall. And its not because I was less involved in student activities, or spent less time with friends, in the spring. Its because I spent a lot of time during the fall just trying to find my feet, establish my place, and figure out what I really wanted to get out of this crazy, amazing Institute. And to some extent, Im still working on figuring that out. But I certainly knew a lot more in the spring than I did in the fall. My point is, your first semester is pretty much the designated time for you to explore MIT to its fullest, to test the boundaries of what you can do and be involved in. As you go through MIT, youre going to gain a better and better understanding of how to prepare for your classes and your tests and your p-sets, how much time everything is going to take, and generally how to balance work and play. As I said once before, the transition from high school to MIT is not a straight line its a step function. Everyone has their own limits, their own preferred balance between sleeping, studying, and socializing (pick two); and youll figure out what works best for you as you go. Sometimes you end up dropping a club or activity because you turn out to not be quite as interested in it as you thought you were (Ive done this) or that simply takes too much time (Ive done this too). And thats okay. You cant do everything but you definitely can do enough. So, basically, dont worry about the time commitment for blogging, because while its significant, its not that much and its very flexible based on when you have time to blog. The reason why youre asked to put a list of extracurriculars on your blogger application is because, in my opinion and experience, the Admissions Office is looking for diverse people who represent a broad range of MITs multi-faceted culture. One of the secrets about blogging is that it doesnt necessarily have to be your first priority. After all, the idea is that youre going to be blogging about your life at MIT and for that to happen, you need to have a life worth blogging. Ultimately, blogging is part of my play. Its a joy and, quite simply, a privilege for me to share my life with all of you on these blogs, to answer your questions to try and make the admissions process just a little less mysterious, a little more human. And I wouldnt have it any other way. In addition to this direct question, Ive seen quite a few prefrosh discussing the blogging application and related topics with their friends. While most of you seem to have everything under control, I have noticed a few common questions, so hopefully I can help clear those concerns up. If you have any questions of your own, feel free to ask in the comments (anonymously is fine) and Ill update this entry accordingly. How did you feel when you were applying to be a blogger? In a word, terrified. I know thats a weird reaction, but its true and the reason was because thats how much the blogs meant to me. During my senior year of high school, after I had visited MIT for the first time, the blogs became my lifeline back to Boston. Reading the blogs enabled me to feel like I was still connected to campus like I was already a part of MIT. I applied to be a blogger because I wanted nothing more than to be able to give back to the blogs, to help other students fall in love with MIT in the same way I did. Hopefully Ive done an okay job. :) Who picks the new bloggers? As has become tradition, the blogger selection committee will include Matt and this years senior bloggers: Laura and Lulu. Others might be involved as well, but their identities are a tightly-held secret. ;) So what role do you have in this process, Paul? Absolutely none. Ill continue to read the blogs of prefrosh that Ive befriended over the past few months, but thats it; I wont be sending Matt my recommendations or anything like that. And while I wont read your application for you, Im more than happy to answer any questions you might have about being a blogger or about the process itself. Ive just started the blog that I plan on submitting. Do I still have a chance? Yes! I started Emergent the personal blog that I ended up submitting as my portfolio a mere two weeks before the blogging application came out. So dont worry about it. And while I would encourage you guys to all be as prolific as you can, quality is much more important than quantity. Where have all the aardvarks gone? Good question, I wish I knew.

I Have A Dream Speech Written And Spoken By Martin Luther...

Have you ever wondered why or how politicians, motivational speakers, ministers, teachers and even parents get their message, lesson, or point across? The reason why is rhetoric, the way people chose to convey their message in a persuasive way. The use of different methods to get a message across is what makes politicians, speakers, minister, teachers and parents so successful in what they want people to think or do. When a certain person uses rhetoric they use what they know the people in the audience will respond to. This could be a speech that changed the way people looked at the world using the right type of words and references associated with the situation at hand, for example the â€Å" I Have a Dream† speech written and spoken by Martin Luther King Jr. so what made this speech have the impact that it did? When the speech was spoken on August 28,1963 it was a start of a change. The March on Washington for jobs and freedom was an initial step in the Civil Rights Movemen t. On the momentous steps of the lincoln memorial, in the shadow of the person that signed the Emancipation Proclamation words that Martin Luther King Jr said himself, in front of thousands of people present on that unforgettable day (King). The writer behind the speech, Martin Luther King Jr. was born on January 15, 1929 in Atlanta, Georgia.He was the middle child of Michael King Sr. and Alberta Williams King. King was a smart teenager he skipped some years in school and started college at the age of 15.Show MoreRelatedRhetorical Analysis of Dr. Martin Luther Kings I Have a Dream Speech994 Words   |  4 Pages On August 28th, 1963, Martin Luther King, Jr. delivered a speech to more than 200,000 people during the March on Washington. Kings speech was one of the most influential during the era of the Civil Rights Movement and is to this day recognized as a masterpiece due to its effect on the audience as well as for its eloquence and language. Many components went into this passionate speech that portrayed Kings hopes for racial equality and a brighter future made the speech as moving as it was. ItRead MoreA Comparison of Dr. Kings I Have a Dream Speech and Mandelas Glory and Hope Speech1347 Words   |  6 PagesI Have a Dream and Glory and Hope were two speeches given, respectively, by Dr. Martin Luther King, Jr. and Nelson Mandela at times of great need; at times when ignorance and racially-based hubris intertwined themselves in the sparse gaps of human understanding. At first glance, the facets of humanity and blanket tranquillity seem to be in natural accord. Philosophers have struggled with the reason behind the absolute absence of peace as everybody, by definitions both classical and modern, longsRead MoreMartin Luther King Jr. Is A Famous Figure In African American1416 Words   |  6 PagesMartin Luther King Jr. is a famous figure in African American and American history. He is one of the most celebrated African Americans who lead the Black Civil Rights Movement to fight for the equality and freedom for African Americans. The speech I Have a Dream is King’s most famous speech, which helped African Americans fight for their rights of equality. The I Have a Dream speech purpose was to seek equality among blacks and whites, while feminism discusses equality among men and women. TheRead MoreMartin Luther King, Jr.s Speech, I have a Dream, Led to Change in Civil Rights1732 Words   |  7 PagesMartin Luther King, Jr.’s â€Å"I Have a Dream† speech on August 28, 1963 led the way for a much needed change in America’s Civil Rights Era. Martin’s life brought about much needed change to allow black people to have equal opportunities. Martin Luther King, Jr. came from a long line of Southern Baptist Preachers. His father and grandfather’s influence led the way for him to also become a Baptist preacher. The man he was came from his strong convictions in the word of God. This gave him the courage andRead More Waiting on Dr. Kings Dream Essay1319 Words   |  6 PagesWaiting on Dr. Kings Dream      Ã‚   Martin Luther King, Jr.s, I Have a Dream, was delivered on the steps at the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C. on August 28, 1963. Dr. King starts his speech by recalling the Emancipation Proclamation which gave hope to those who were bound by slavery. Yet this hope has definitely faded. One hundred years later African Americans are still in captivity. Although slavery does not exist, those of color are bound by the color of their skin. While African AmericansRead MorePlato learning analyzing speeches3401 Words   |  14 PagesActivities Write a response for each of the following activities. Check the Evaluation section at the end of this document to make sure you have met the expected criteria for the assignment. When you have finished, submit your work to your teacher. 1. Comparing Speeches a. Read President Lincoln’s Gettysburg Address and Martin Luther King Jr.’s I Have a Dream speech. What emotions do you feel while reading these speeches? What elements of the speeches evoke these emotions? Type your response here: Read MorePresident Obama’s Inaugural Speech: Rhetorical Analysis Essay890 Words   |  4 PagesObama’s Inaugural Speech: Rhetorical Analysis Barrack Obama’s inauguration speech successfully accomplished his goal by using rhetoric to ensure our nation that we will be under safe hands. The speech is similar from ideas obtained from the founding documents and Martin Luther King’s speech to establish ‘our’ goal to get together and take some action on the problems our country is now facing. As President Barrack Obama starts his speech, he keeps himself from using ‘me’, ‘myself’, and ‘I’ and replacingRead MoreEssay A Research on Spoken Word Poetry2126 Words   |  9 PagesSpoken Word Poetry This research paper will be about the Spoken Word Poetry culture which has been around for many years. Ancient Greeks are said to have recited epic poems aloud just as actors from the days of Shakespeare recited Shakespeares soliloquies aloud in front of an audience. As a preteen I became a part of the spoken word community because it was a way for me to express myself through words. However it wasnt until I was fifteen or sixteen that I truly traveled over to the Spoken WordRead MoreAnalysis Of One Today By Richard Blanco1230 Words   |  5 Pagesatoms imagined, / the ‘I have a dream’ we keep dreaming,/ or the impossible vocabulary of sorrow that wont explain / the empty desks of twenty children marked absent / today, and forever. Many prayers, but one light breathing color into stained glass windows, / life into the faces of bronze statues, warmth / onto the steps of our museums and park benches / as mothers watch children slide into the day.† (16-26). This stanza really is really deep and impactful to me since I aspire for unity and peaceRead MoreThe Year 1978 By Maya Angelou1883 Words   |  8 PagesFrancisco’s Labor school. This exhibits the tremendous talent that was possessed by her at a young age. Also Maya was active in the Civil Rights Movement with Malcolm X and Martin Luther King Jr. Throughout her life she has won many awards. Such awards include the Pulitzer Prize for her book and also three Grammy Awards for her spoken word albums. At the age of 14 she dropped out of school despite her scholarship and became the first African American female cable car conductor. She chose to pursue her

Essay on Social Polarisation - 1496 Words

With reference to specific examples, critically discuss the contention that cities are becoming increasingly polarised in the contemporary world. Polarisation is a term that usually refers to ‘extreme of two extreme situations’. In this context, social polarisation is examined in detail. Social polarisation is an expression associated with the segregation within a society that may emerge from income inequality, real-estate fluctuations, economic displacements etc. and result in such differentiation that would consist of various social groups, from high-income to low-income (Moulaert, F. et al. (2003)). This essay will outline the two contrasting opinions that Sassen and Hamnett hold of the polarization thesis in the contemporary†¦show more content†¦In addition, there was a decline in middle-income, blue-collar jobs of the manufacturing sector. It can be argued that however, the growth of employment in the ‘clerks’ and ‘service workers and shop and market sales workers’ (see table 1) contradicts the theory. This occupational group mainly consists of middle-income occupation and t heir growth made up for the loss of those in the middle-income manufacturing sector. It can be concluded that although Cape Town has seen a marginally polarizing employment growth (Borel-Saladin, Crankshaw, 2009; 658) in the past twenty years, it has not seen an absolute decline in middle-income employment and therefore does not agree with the social polarizing thesis. Table 1 Sydney, Australia is the second case-study this essay will discuss, many of the scholars who analysed the social polarization thesis only looked at cities within the US or Europe, although helpful it can limit empirical discussion (Baum, 1997; 1882). Therefore looking at a global city out of this zone that also has strong economic links with Hong Kong and Singapore will allow the reader to understand the contention of polarisation in the contemporary world. It can be argued that professionalization is occurring, the growth of professionals make upShow MoreRelatedEssay about social polarisation1224 Words   |  5 PagesTutor: Date: Social Polarization in Latin America and the Carribean Introduction Social polarisation is the widening gap within a given society that emerges from income disparities within individuals causing various social groups, from high income to low income. It entails the expansion of jobs that require low skills while at the same time, jobs that require higher professionals and expertise still experience growth. There is a rising concern on issues of social polarisation and cohesion thatRead MoreAssess the View That Factors Within a School Are the Main Cause for Social Class Differences in Educational Achievement (20 Marks)1622 Words   |  7 Pagesevidence when studying counsellors. They found inconsistencies in the way in which students suitability for courses were assessed. The councellors said they judged students according to their ability. In practise however they judged them on the basis of social class or race. Middle class students were more likely to be placed on higher level courses and seen as suitable college material. Following on from this labelling theory, Rist did some research and found that teachers used a range of methods toRead More Marxian Theory versus Weberian Theory Essay727 Words   |  3 PagesMarxian Theory versus Weberian Theory Karl Marx and Max Weber both offer valid approaches to social class in modern capitalist society, though there are very different from each other. The capitalist society is a type of society in which the private ownership of the ‘means of production’ is the dominant form of providing the things needed to survive. What distinguishes capitalism from other types of society is the emphasis on the rights of property and the individual owner’s right to employRead MoreSocial Class And Social Inequality1269 Words   |  6 Pagesupon different evidence linking social class to where people live. Firstly, I will look at two approaches to determining social class, together with how class and social inequality are linked. Secondly, by reference to several key studies I will demonstrate that where people live is representative of their social class, and outline how disconnections are formed as a consequence. Finally, I will discuss how sporting opportunities are constrained to a person’s social class and place of residence. InRead MoreEssay on Voting Behavior in the United Kingdom1047 Words   |  5 Pages voting conservative could be the increase in the new working class. People in manual jobs but who are employed by large private companies and owning their own homes. Regional and Cultural differences are said to be an important social factor determining voting behaviour in the UK. Perhaps this is not as strong a correlation as it once was due to dealignment in other areas. Research carried out concerning voting behaviour suggests that there was an increasinglyRead Morefunctionalism3347 Words   |  14 Pageswithout which it would die. Social systems have basic needs for example members of society need to be socialised. Both society and organisms function to contribute to meeting the systems needs and thus ensure survival. For example the circulatory systems delivers oxygen to cells, similarly the economy in society helps meet the needs for food and shelter. Parsons argues the central question sociology tries to answer is how is social order possible? Parsons argues social order is achieved through theRead MoreBritish Society During 1951-19751790 Words   |  8 Pagesworld of changes, social and technological progression rather than standing statically. To see the differences created by social transformation, we need to look at the aspect of continuity and changes that distinguishes the two. In term of continuity, Britain in 1970s carries the legacy of increasing social mobility kicked off in the 1950s. It can be seen as a demographical change through a more geographical mobile system and migratory factors. One of the main features of social changes of BritainRead MoreKarl Marx : Foundations And Concepts Essay1868 Words   |  8 Pagesto just get by on, which in turn creating a better profit for themselves. In doing so, â€Å"The working class would get poorer (pauperisation); that the rich would get richer and that society would move to two different diametrically opposed areas (polarisation)†¦ And that a class struggle between the rich and the poor would lead to revolution in which the poor would remove the rich.† (Byrant, 2014) Marx hoped for the revolution and had hoped it would come to England and Germany but to â€Å"to Marx s despairRead MorePakulski and Waters2272 Words   |  10 Pagescapitalism. â€Å"Actual social developments have defined bo th predications of progressive polarisation and conflict and the emancipatory promise of social revolution† (Pakulski and Waters 1996:28). The perceived ‘death of class’ according to this chapter is due the economic reductionism of class theory in Political Economy, which was caused continual evolution of theories of class structure combined with by the capricious development of Liberal-Democratic societies. Together they have led to social theories, whichRead MoreMoral Exclusion And Dehumanization1782 Words   |  8 Pages‘Guardian’ article] will be assessed in relation to the Social Identity Approach (Tajfel Turner, 1979; Reicher, 2010), ‘moral exclusion’ and dehumanization (Opotow, 1990), the empathy-altruism hypothesis (Batson, 1991), as well as audience related concepts. The premise of the Social Identity Approach is that rather than recognising ourselves as individuals, we instead often perceive ourselves through group identity (Reicher, 2010, p.8). Social Identity Theory and Self-Categorisation Theory both suggest

Cultural Diversity in the Healthcare Field Free Essays

Cultural Diversity in the Healthcare field The Many Faces of Healthcare Cultural Diversity in the Healthcare Field Carl Hooks Rasmussen College Author Note This research is being submitted on September 16, 2010, for Vicky Philips English class at Rasmussen College by Carl Hooks Cultural diversity in the medical field is, at times, greatly hindered because of religious beliefs, language barriers, and the hierarchies of diverse cultures and these have the propensity to affect the continuity of care for the patients. â€Å"Every person has different aspects that constitute their identities, according to how they see themselves†¦. This means that seeing an individual in terms of their identity can be unproductive. We will write a custom essay sample on Cultural Diversity in the Healthcare Field or any similar topic only for you Order Now † (Weaver, 2009). Nursing personnel, in particular, have to take into consideration any and all cultural differences between the patient and the nursing staff. These differences vary in as many ways as there are different ethnic groups in any particular area. Religious beliefs can hinder the nursing care of patients. There are many different religious beliefs in as many different religions. The religious belief most common in the United States, of course, is the Jehovah Witness who refuses transfusions. This religion has a strong belief in preserving the soul before the body. Other religions have other beliefs that we may not understand, but need to respect and try to work around to care for the patient. â€Å"If people believe it is God who confers both health and illness, it may be very difficult to get them to take their medication or change their behavior†¦. they would see no point worrying about high blood pressure or bacteria when moral behavior is the key to good health. † (Galanti, 2001). This kind of belief will impede the medical staff and their approach to a medical cure. Whenever possible, staff should attempt of incorporate both religious beliefs and medicine to care for the patient. For the most part (miracles do happen), religious beliefs can delay the care and health of the patient, and leaves the health professionals with a huge dilemma about what to do, and greatly delays the healing process. To understand how religion plays a role in the care given to the patient is to give better care for our patients. Consequently, the vast majority of people do believe in some sort of religion, whether it is God or some other higher power. Cultural factors stemming from religious beliefs and practices can have an intense impact on health. † (Abdoul and Abdoul, 2010). There may come a time when the medical staff has to provide a towel (prayer matt) and a quiet place to pray to a culture that does not consider the common hospital chapel an appropriate place to pray. In some religious, â€Å"It is commonly believed that illness is sent from God as retribution for sins since God is viewed as the afflicter as well as healer. † (Abdoul and Abloul,2010). Food also plays a big part in some religions which go beyond the traditional Jewish mother’s chicken soup. †¦. it is important to know that religious beliefs and practices can influence food choice, as there may be individuals within a group that observe strict dietary requirements. † (Black, 2010). All religious back grounds should be taken into consideration and, whenever possible, be provided for, and this will aid in promoting effective health care. Language barriers pose great difficulties when communicating with patients. It is imperative that both patient and nursing staff understand exactly what is being said. For this reason an appropriate trained or certified interpreter should be utilized whenever possible. Health care workers are experiencing more language difficulties than ever before. â€Å"Fully 54 million Americans†¦. roughly 20 percent of the population†¦. do not speak English at home. † (Armand and Hubbard,2010). With the exception of California, Texas, and Florida, which have over 43 percent of the population, that are classified LEP (limited English proficient). The interpreter should be trained to interpret on the patients behalf. Family members, at times, can be of great assistance, but then HIPPA comes into play. The patient may not want a particular family member to know about their health problems. The language barrier does inhibit sufficient care, and this should be addressed with the utmost of care and consideration for both the medical staff and patient. Insuring that the patient fully understands what is being done to them is of great importance. As patients, they have the right to understand what is being done and why. Informed consent must be given; the patient should be able to repeat what they have been informed of before the procedure is done. Currently â€Å"only 33 percent of U. S. hospitals have quality improvement efforts underway to improve the quality of their language access programs. † (Armand and Hubbard, 2010). The goal of the interpreter is to assure that the LEP patient has no doubts or concerns and totally understands what is going to happen, why, and any optionsimg src="http://cdncache-a.akamaihd.net/items/it/img/arrow-10x10.png" / they may have. Understanding the hierarchy of the family is imperative in understanding the functions of the family unit. With some familiarity with the different cultures in a given community, a medical professional will be able to ascertain who the head of the household is. The head of the household differs from culture to culture, as such, â€Å"misunderstandings which include but are not limited to the involvement of the male in all aspects of health care for his wife and children; the assimilation of children into all aspects of life; female humility; the subordinate status of women; and the strong emphasis on traditional female role. (Abdoul and Abdoul, 2010). By defining who the head of the household is and giving them the respect they deserve will be paramount in a speedy recovery for the patient. As the head of the household is identified, it is very important that they are included in all of the decisions made on behalf of the patient. If and when the controlling person is not readily available, all efforts should be exercised to contact that person. In rare life threatening conditions should medical personnel proceed without that persons consent, the head of the household should be given adequate time to discuss procedures with the patient should they require this. His/her decision should be respected when they decide what is appropriate for their family member. Given the most pertinent information and options, the family can then make an informed decision and the respect of the hierarchy of the family has not been compromised. All diversities should be taken into consideration when caring for a patient. By understanding what importance the patient puts on their culture, the medical staff can better serve the patient. â€Å"Hospitals can be a source of stress and frustration for patients and their families, since they are most vulnerable when they are there and are placed at the mercy of values and beliefs not of their own. † (Galanti, 2001). Making a patient aware that medical staff understands and will do all that is possible to adhere to their cultural differences can only aid in providing the best health care possible. A care plan is always done for patients when they are admitted to the hospital. While formulating a care plan, the nurse should always consider and provide for the cultural differences of the individual. The care plan should be reviewed by all staff that participates in the care of the patient. The care plan should be discussed with the patient and family to assure that all aspects of their cultural practices have been addressed. If this is not done, then the patient’s outcome can be greatly hampered. Cultural diversity in the medical field, at times, can be greatly hindered because of religious beliefs, language barriers, and the hierarchy of diverse cultures, and these have the propensity to affect the continuity of care for the patient. All aspects need to be considered to assure that the most efficient care be given on behalf of the patient. References ABOUL-ENEIN, B. , amp; AHOUL-ENEIN, F. (2010). THE CULTURAL GAP DELIVERING HEALTH CARE SERVICES TO ARAB AMERICAN POPULATIONS IN THE UNITED STATES. Journal of Cultural Diversity, 17(1), 20-23. Retrieved from Health Source: Nursing/Academic Edition database Armada, A. , amp; Hubbard, M. (2010). Diversity in Healthcare: Time to Get REAL!. Frontiers of Health Services Management, 26(3), 3-17. Retrieved from EBSCO MegaFILE database. Black, P. (2010). Cultural and religious beliefs in stoma care nursing. British Journal of Healthcare Assistants, 4(4), 184-188. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. Weaver, D. (2009). Respect the diversity and difference of individuals. Nursing amp; Residential Care, 11(12), 590-593. Retrieved from CINAHL Plus with Full Text database. How to cite Cultural Diversity in the Healthcare Field, Papers

Sinbad The Sailor Essays - Sinbad The Sailor, Sinbad,

Sinbad The Sailor Sinbad, the Non-Classical Hero The stories on Sinbad the Voyager from the Arabian nights, are fantastic tales of voyages of a merchant named Sinbad. The stories are told as Sinbad tells them to a humble porter named Hindbad, who after complaining about his lack of financial fortune outside of Sindbad's luxurious home is invited into Sindbad's home. Sinbad offers Hindbad dinner and a hundred sequins, a substantial amount, to listen to his stories. Throughout the stories of Sinbad the Voyager in the Arabian Nights the main character Sinbad lacks the classic properties of a hero and is only respected because of his exotic stories and his wealth. Sinbad throughout his stories fails to prove himself worthy and respected for any virtues that make up a hero. He lacks such fundamental virtues like courage strength and mental superiority. His only distinguishing traits are that of luck and perseverance and his love of travel. However although Sinbad may be an appealing and charismatic character it's the stories that are appealing and not his behavior. The fantastic creatures and lands that Sinbad speaks of are the main attraction of the stories and Sinbad is merely a merchant traveler who lives to tell their tale. Although he is the one who manages to escape with his life when confronted with the perils however its luck that liberates him from the hazardous situations. Sinbad fails to show any courage in any of his seven voyages. His apparent acts of bravery are brought forth by his will to live, and are not influenced by any noble cause. He musters up enough courage to burn out the single eye of the giant on an island, but only in the desperation of having watched his companions eaten by the giant. Even in that situation they poke out the eye of the monster without any courageous encounter, in fact they poke out the eye of the monster when he is asleep and then they run for their lives. In Sindbad's encounter with the roc, or the gigantic two-headed bird, he ties himself to the bird's giant leg in order to escape from his giant nest. This act is also an act of desperation, once not other alternatives are available Sinbad turns to his only available option leaving his life in the hands of fait. Even such more modern characters who bear great resemblance to Sinbad such as Robinson Crusoe, shows more courage than Sinbad. Robinson Crusoe is also a sai lor and a voyager who becomes stranded on a remote island after his shipwrecks. Robinson Crusoe faces cannibals that frequent his island in order to save other savages from being eaten. Sinbad never attempts to save anyone but himself. Sinbad shows neither leadership skills nor traits of an individual, he is no different then the men traveling with him. He refers to his fellow travelers as comrades and does not see himself as being more important in any way. His crucial role, and his most prominent trait is that of his story telling skills. Most classical heroes posses a skill that is more refined than the average man, whether it is skill to battle or a superior intellect, often they are aware of this skill and are able to distinguish themselves. For example Ulysses, was also a sailor and a voyager, however his heroism came from his ability to lead men, and to use his intellect to escape seemingly unforgiving situations. His voyages were also as exotic as Sinbad's, however even his people regarded him as the hero. Sinbad, believes that he deserves the luxurious life he leads because he endured so many hardships, however the hardships were brought upon him by his own will. He was never placed in a situation where he was forced to endure such hardships, but put himself in these high risk situations through his own love for traveling and sailing. His riches were not earned through hard work, but luck of escaping situations, which he placed himself in. Most classical heroes are rewarded, or offered a reward for their actions or commit their acts of bravery because of a noble cause. Mullan, fought to protect her sickly father from being drafted into the army, which was a

US Federal Budget Process - The Spending Bills

US Federal Budget Process - The Spending Bills House and Senate Work Out Differences in Conference CommitteeSince the spending bills are once again being debated and amended separately, House and Senate versions will have to go through the same conference committee process as the Budget Resolution. The conferees have to agree on one version of each bill capable of passing in both the House and Senate by a majority vote. Full House and Senate Consider Conference ReportsOnce the conference committees have forwarded their reports to the full House and Senate, they must be approved by a majority vote. The Budget Act stipulates that the House should have given final approval to all of the spending bills by June 30. President May Sign or Veto Any or All of the Appropriations BillsAs spelled out in the Constitution, the President has ten days in which to decide: (1) to sign the bill, thereby making it law; (2) to veto the bill, thereby sending it back to Congress and requiring much of the process to begin again with respect the programs covered by that bill; or (3) to allow the bill to become law without his signature, thereby making it law but doing so without his express approval. The Government Begins its New Fiscal YearIf and when the process goes as planned, all the spending bills have been signed by the president and have become public laws by October 1, the start of the new Fiscal Year. Since the federal budget process rarely runs on schedule anymore, Congress will usually be required to pass one or more â€Å"Continuing Resolutions† authorizing the various government agencies to continue operating temporarily at existing funding levels. The alternative, a government shutdown, is not a desirable option.

Louisa Adams, First Lady 1825 - 1829

Louisa Adams, First Lady 1825 - 1829 Known  for:  Only foreign-born First Lady Dates:  February 12, 1775 - May 15, 1852  Occupation: First Lady of the United States 1825 - 1829 Married to: John Quincy Adams Also known as: Louisa Catherine Johnson, Louisa Catherine Adams, Louise Johnson Adams About Louisa Adams Louisa Adams was born in London, England, making her the only US First Lady who was not born in America. Her father, a Maryland businessman whose brother signed the Bush Declaration of Support for Independence (1775), was the American consul in London; her mother, Catherine Nuth Johnson, was English. She studied in France and in England. Marriage She met American diplomat John Quincy Adams, son of American founder and future president John Adams,  in 1794. They were married on July 26, 1797, despite the disapproval of the grooms mother, Abigail Adams. Immediately after the marriage, Louisa Adams father became bankrupt. Motherhood and Move to America After several miscarriages, Louisa Adams bore her first child, George Washington Adams. At that time, John Quincy Adams was serving as Minister to Prussia. Three weeks later, the family returned to America, where John Quincy Adams practiced law and, in 1803, was elected a US Senator. Two more sons were born in Washington, DC. Russia In 1809, Louisa Adams and their youngest son accompanied John Quincy Adams to St. Petersburg, where he served as Minister to Russia, leaving their older two sons to be raised and educated by John Quincy Adams parents. A daughter was born in Russia, but died at about a year old. In all, Louisa Adams was pregnant fourteen times. She miscarried nine times and one child was stillborn. She later blamed her long absence for the early deaths of the two older sons. Louisa Adams took up writing to keep her mind off her grief. In 1814, John Quincy Adams was called away on a diplomatic mission and, the next year, Louisa and her youngest son traveled in winter from St. Petersburg to France a risky and, as it turned out, challenging journey of forty days. For two years, the Adams lived in England with their three sons. Public Service in Washington On returning to America, John Quincy Adams became Secretary of State and then, in 1824, President of the United States, with Louisa Adams making many social calls to help him get elected. Louisa Adams disliked the politics of Washington and was fairly quiet as a First Lady. Just before the end of her husbands term in office, their oldest son died, perhaps by his own hands. Later the next oldest son died, probably as a result of his alcoholism. From 1830 to 1848, John Quincy Adams served as a Congressman. He collapsed on the floor of the House of Representatives in 1848. A year later Louisa Adams suffered a stroke. She died in 1852 in Washington, DC, and was buried in Quincy, Massachusetts, with her husband and her in-laws, John and Abigail Adams. Memoirs She wrote two unpublished books about her own life, with details about life around her in Europe and Washington: Record of My Life in 1825, and The Adventures of a Nobody in 1840. Places:   London, England; Paris, France; Maryland; Russia; Washington, D.C.; Quincy, Massachusetts Honors: When Louisa Adams died, both houses of Congress adjourned for the day of her funeral. She was the first woman so honored.

Genocide in Rwanda and Burondi Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Genocide in Rwanda and Burondi - Assignment Example What is genocide? The term Genocide according to history books was unknown prior to 1994. It is a word formed by a Polish-Jewish lawyer describing the Nazi policies of systematic murder and the destruction of European Jews. It comes from the Greek word geno that means a race or tribe, and cide, a Latin word that means to kill. Accordingly, in coming up with this word, he thought of â€Å"a coordinated plan or action to destruct the foundations of the life of a national group, or annihilating the groups themselves†. He appealed this to the United Nations; thereafter, the United Nations considered â€Å"genocide† as an international crime. It is then defined by the UN as† â€Å"referring to violent crimes committed against groups with the intent to destroy the existence of the group. (US Holocaust Memorial Museum Updated 11 May 2012). Genocide, as an international crime includes any of the following action: acts committed with intent to destroy, in whole or in part , a national, ethnical, racial or religious group, as such: (a) Killing members of the group; (b) Causing serious bodily or mental harm to members of the group; (c) Deliberately inflicting on the group conditions of life calculated to bring about its physical destruction in whole or in part; (d) Imposing measures intended to prevent births within the group; (e) Forcibly transferring children of the group to another group. The crime of Genocide in Rwanda Politics and ambition started it all. The first conviction of Genocide was given in 1988 by the International Criminal Court for Rwanda to Jean-Paul Akayesu, a local President of Democratic Republican Movement. He was found guilty of charges against humanity for acts he made while being a mayor. Akayesu was sentenced to a life imprisonment. On this date too rape became an addendum to the list of genocide crimes. (US Holocaust Memorial Museum) Akayesu was the town Mayor of Taba from 1993 to 1994. Initially, he led the town peacefully, fostering the local economy, had control of the police, and a well respected man until a group of oppositionists started the turmoil. At first he was hesitant to join but was compelled to because he was afraid of opposition, and was also scared to lose his position. Since then, he was one among those who instigated violence, incited the people to join mass killings and turned the former quiet place into a scene of violence, rape, torture, and murder (US Holocaust Memorial Museum). Rwanda in 1994 has a population of seven million composed of three ethnic groups: the Hutus (85%), Tutsi, (14%) and Twa (1%). The United Human Rights Council reported that the Hutus extremists’ political group kept on blaming the Tutsi group for various reasons including: â€Å"the country’s increasing social, economic, and political pressures. Tutsi civilians were also accused of supporting a Tutsi-dominated rebel group, the Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF). Through the use of propaganda and constant political maneuvering, Habyarimana, who was the president at the time, and his group increased divisions between Hutu and Tutsi by the end of 1992. The Hutu remembered past years of oppressive Tutsi rule, and many of them not only resented but also feared the minority.† But why should the Hutus have resentments to a minority group like Tutsi? First let us begin with the description of the past of the two warring tribes. Roseber, Jennifer,

Consider the costs and benefits to a company of gathering, reporting, Term Paper

Consider the costs and benefits to a company of gathering, reporting, and disclosing non financial information ( Balanced Scorecard, Corporate Social Responsibility Reporting, Sustainability Reporting - Term Paper Example ment of any form of information is often a costly process that requires the installation of effective information system in order to enhance the collection, processing and presentation of the information systematically. Despite the cost implication of the entire process, effective management of such information enhances the profitability of an organization since it enhances the operations of the organization. Such non-financial information often include marketing information, social responsibility reporting and balanced score card reporting among many others. Such are vital information that enhances the operations of the organization. Such activities are major projects undertaken by the company with the view to enhancing its profitability. Marketing for example is a fundamental function of the management whose primary mandate is to enhance the profitability of the organization (Burrow and Jim 44). The same is the case with social responsibility which is often a method of advertising products strategically thus improving the reputation of the company in a particular market. Collection of the information about such processes is vital since they contribute to the management of the resources of the organization. Effective management of the non-financial information enhances the operations of the organization. Such information portrays the amount of resources allocated to such undertaking and the returns the organization obtains from the projects. As explained earlier, non-financial information, include information on some of the most sensitive undertakings in the company. Such information requires effective collection, processing, filing and dissemination for future references. This implies that such systematic management of the information enhances the accountability desired by the management in the organization. The information facilitates investigation and auditing of the activities of the company a fundamental feature that contributes to the efficiency of the

Analysis Of The Teenage Magazine Market Sector

Analysis Of The Teenage Magazine Market Sector The following section of the plan provides a brief analysis of the teenage magazine market sector. In particular, total volume and value of sales is investigated and critically discussed. Furthermore, it is necessary to provide an assessment and analysis of the key competitors in the market sector and the target group of consumers. Advertising expenditures are also explored in this section. In addition, it will be relevant to scan the external environment of the industry which includes political, economic, social and technological factors unified under PEST framework. Thus, this section will attempt to make a contribution to the identification of the potential opportunities, which may be used for a new brand. The following graph illustrates the total yearly subscriptions for the UK magazines by sector. As it may be seen from the histogram, children and teenage magazines constitute the most numerous and dominant sector. They account for as much as 32.7% of the whole magazine market. The second largest sector is womens traditional magazines. Its market share is equal to 12.9%. Other sectors with the market shares ranging from 10% to 11% are TV listings, mens monthlies, sports and music and the remaining sectors. The least popular type of magazines is home interest as they were found to account for only 4.2% of the market. These findings reveal that children and teenage magazines are most popular among the UK readers. The next graph reveals that the total volume of sales of teenage magazines in the UK has fallen in the recent past. It may be observed that in 2008, as many as 47,535,000 units of magazines were sold. The indicator decreased to the level of 41,794,000 units in 2009. Moreover, in 2010, the total volume of sales constituted only 38,040,000. Hence, the market for teenage magazines in the UK has been going down. This reduction of sales may be explained by the growing popularity of on-line media and portals for teenagers. Printed magazines are often substituted by social networking and entertaining web applications. This tendency may be discussed in the light of the standard product life cycle (PLC) curve. As presented by the following graph, the PLC curve consists of the four main stages: introduction, growth, maturity and decline. These stages imply different changes in the volume of sales. The recent fall of the volume of sales of the UK teenage magazines indicates that the product passes through the decline stage. It means that the producers of the UK teenage magazines will not achieve the maximum volume of sales unless the product is improved or changed. Correspondingly, the total value of sales of teenage magazines has reduced recently. In 2008, the value of sales constituted  £99,039,000. The indicator decreased to the level of  £88,245,000 in 2009. In 2010, the reduction of sales value continued and the indicator reached  £86,138,000. The fall of volume and value occurred during the period 2008-2010. Hence, it may be concluded that the UK market for teenage magazines has been shrinking and narrowing. Among the major competitors in the UK market for teenage magazines it is valid to mention Elle Girl, Glamour, GQ, Grazia Magazine, Heat, New!, OK! and Yours. Their relative market shares are reported in the following figure. As it may be seen from the histogram, New!, Ok! and Glamour are the most popular teenage magazine brands in the UK. Their market shares are equal to 15.7%, 15.4% and 13.5% respectively. The market share of Heat constitutes as much as 12.4%. Such brands as Grazia, Yours, Elle Girl and GQ occupy 6.7%, 6.5%, 5.1% and 3.1% of the market. Other brands, which are less popular, account for 21.6% of the market. Critical analysis of these brands may reveal that GQ is the worst performing magazine. Its market share is the smallest among major magazines. This may be explained by the narrow specialisation of the magazine. The target audience of the magazine are males from 16 to 24 years old. Teen girls are more inclined to reading magazines than teen boys. The researchers reported that girls read more screen and confession magazines . On the contrary, the most successful teenage magazine brands are New! and Ok! (these magazines have the largest market share in the UK market). This success can be explained by the proper and suitable content. The teenage magazines include celebrity interviews, dating tips, fashion tips and descriptions and samples of the popular cosmetic products. Such content is highly appreciated by the target audience. Another advantage over the rivals in the market segment is availability of the magazines. Teenage magazines have relatively low prices in comparison with other glossies. Furthermore, these magazines are universal. They are read by teenage girls as well as medium-aged women. Brand positioning of the major teenage magazines in the UK can be presented as follows. Kumar developed a special framework, which differentiates between economy brands, bargain brands, cowboy brands and premium brands. The differentiation is based on the two dimensions: quality and price of the production. The brand positioning framework can be graphically presented as shown below. None of the mentioned magazines refers to the category of economy brands. The major teenage magazines do not combine the two qualities, i.e. low quality and low price, at once. However, New! and Ok! can be classified as bargain brands. They belong to the moderate price category, but have very rich and diversified contents. Grazia Magazine, Yours and Heat are of lower quality, but more expensive. Hence, it allows for classifying them as cowboy brands. Finally, Elle Girl, Glamour and GQ are positioned as premium brands. It has already been mentioned that girls read teenage magazines more often than boys. Hence, the major target audience are teenage girls. The following graph provides a comparison of the percentage of teenage girls and teenage boys reading magazines. It may be observed that 55% of male teenagers are found to enjoy reading magazines. However, the female readers of teenage magazines are even more numerous and constitute 63% of all female teenagers. These findings reveal that the target group for the majority of the magazine producers are female teenagers. Another fact, which proves these findings, is that male teenagers are also inclined to reading other specialised magazines besides teenage publications. The alternatives include sports magazines, technical magazines, PC and IT magazines and others. In accordance with Kaiser Family Foundation all magazines discussed above are targeted at clearly specified groups of consumers. For instance, Elle Girl is targeted at younger sisters of the readers of Elle. Furthermore, it has been revealed that girls from 12 to 17 years old comprise up to 26% of the total number of females reading different magazines. Nevertheless, these magazines can hardly be segmented by their contents. The point is that all of them contain articles about celebrities, fashion, relationships, etc. In addition, it can be stated that the market could not be segmented according to the social classes of the teenage reader. It may be explained by the fact that teenage readers have mostly the same interests at this age regardless of the social background of their family. It is argued by Form (1995) that segmentation theory deals with the problems of coordinating huge entities like institutions, sectors, strata, or society; it holds that individual groups generally place their inter ests above those of the groups with which they interact, creating problems of intergroup coordination (Form, 1995). Relying on this statement, it may be argued that there are no many conflicts between the segments of the teenage magazine market in the UK. The point is that the difference between the demands and interests of teenage girls is not very large. It has been mentioned that they have similar interests. Hence, the majority of magazines can be easily substituted with other types. As it may be seen from the following graph, the publishers of teenage magazines use different media for advertising their production. Newspaper advertisement comprises as much as 29%. It may be stated that such a considerable percentage of newspaper ads cannot be justified since teenagers are expected to spend more time in the Internet than reading newspapers. However, if their parents subscribe to newspapers, teenagers can see the advertisement in the papers. Radio ads, TV ads and internet ads comprise 22%, 22% and 18% respectively. Outdoor advertisement constitutes only 9% of all advertising. The costs of advertising are summarised in the graph below. The figure has reported that the total teenage magazine advertising expenditure has been reduced recently. In 2008, the UK publishers of the teenage magazines spent about  £14,593,000 on advertising of their production. In 2009, the indicator decreased to the level of  £12,043,000. However, the advertising expenditure was equal to  £11,452,000 in 2010. The reduction of the total advertising expenditure may be explained by the overall decline in the market. It has already been stated that the total number of units of magazines produced yearly decreased too. Furthermore, the influence of the global financial crisis could have additional pressure on companies and make them reduce advertising costs. The advertising to sales ratio constituted 0.28 in 2005. In other words, the UK magazine publishers spent on average  £0.28 on advertising a  £1 worth magazine. It is understandable that premium brands and cowboy brands had different advertising budgets. Nevertheless, the indicator illustrates the average ratio. As it may be seen from the graph, the main types of retail outlets where teenage magazines are sold are supermarkets, other multiples and independents. Another important thing, which should be grasped from the histogram, is that the percentage of sales in each type of outlets has changed recently. In 1997, supermarkets were the least popular outlet for selling teenage magazines. Only 19% of all teenage magazines were sold there. Nevertheless, in 2007, supermarkets contributed to the sales of up to 32% of all teenage magazines. The percentage of teenage magazines sold in other multiples in 1997 and 2007 changed insignificantly. The indicator had fallen from 34% to 33% by 2007. However, the sales by independents had reduced from 42% to 37% by 2007. Delivery to retail outlets is the final stage of the teenage magazine supply chain. Today, supermarkets are becoming more and more popular as teenage magazine retailers as the graph above has revealed. However, supply chain of teenage magazines is much more complex than it may seem from the first sight. The timing of the average teenage magazine supply chain is presented in Appendix.

Alexander the Great’s Policy of Fusion Essay

From his conception, Alexander was destined for greatness. Born to Olympias, Princess of Epirus and Phillip II, King of Macedon, passion and purpose were the driving forces of his young life. As a young boy, in Philips absence, he entertained Persian envoys and much to the surprise of the guests instead of asking about the Persian hanging gardens, he asked about the state of the Persian army and the roads. Clearly, at his tender age, his thoughts were already set on conquering. Years later, after the death of Philip in 336 BC, Alexander adopted Philips plans to conquer Persia and travelled across the Hellespont in order to rightfully earn his glory and write his name into the history books. In the years that followed, Alexander did just that, proving his tactical brilliance in battle and as a result, conquering the largest empire of the age. With Persians, Macedonians and Greeks under his rule, Alexander devised a policy that would ensure the smooth running of his empire. It has been dubbed by scholars as his ‘Policy of Fusion’. What was Fusion?! The dictionary deï ¬ nes fusion as: the process or result of joining two or more things together to form a single entity. In the case of Alexander, it refers to his ‘fusing’ of the Persians with the Macedonian and Greeks to create a super empire, combing the best of Persian and Macedonian Kingship. Alexander did not wish to destroy Persia and replace it with Macedonian rule, instead he took several actions to actively encourage the combination of the two cultures. His concept was simple: treat the natives as equal, not inferior, tolerate the native customs and religion and adopt some of the native  customs. According to Curtius Rufus, Alexander said: â€Å"Everything is taking on the same hue: it is no disgrace for the Persians to copy Macedonian customs nor for the Macedonians to imitate the Persians. Those who are to live under the same king should enjoy the same rights†. The nature of Kingship Macedonian The Macedonian nature of Kingship is that the King was ‘prima inter pares’- ï ¬ rst amongst equals. This meant that the King would not bask in splendour, he would wear the same clothes as his men and be approachable to them. (Alexander knew most of his men by name). The epitome of leading from the front, the King would play a major role in battles, earning respect from his men as they shared in the glory of victory. Persian! In stark contrast the Persian King had an exulted status as all subjects were required to perform proskynesis before him. He was considered to be god’s representative on earth. He lived a life of luxury and was attended by ushers, bodyguards and eunuchs. Access to the court was controlled by the Vizier. His dress was extravagant and set him apart from his subjects. He wore a purple tunic, gold cloak and belt and a jewelled scabbard. The vastly different styles of Kingship highlighted the need for a policy of Fusion. Similarities and Differences Philip: Philip’s policies for dealing with conquered people differed vastly to Alexander’s Policy of Fusion. For after the Battle of Chaeronea the Greek States were forced to become a member of the League of Corinth of which Philip was hegemon. From the Greek States money, men and allegiance was needed to ensure peace. Although the Greek states had ‘autonomy’ it was within the Macedonian parameters. A bit of an oxymoron really; incarcerated freedom. Strict Macedonian Garrisons and a pro- Macedonian Government were in play to maintain order and provide a tool if there was disorder. Conversely, Persians and Macedonians were encouraged by Alexander to co-exist and live together, enjoying the same rights and governed by the same rules under the same King. Wether the purpose of Alexander’s policies was ‘homonoia’, or as a practical means to rule or was an attempt to Helenize Asia- Persians beneï ¬ tted from his rule. In the case of Philip, the Gree ks did not receive the same treatment. Lycurgus once famously said: â€Å"The Battle of Chaeronea marked an epoch for all ages. With the dead was buried the freedom of Greece.† The purpose of Philip’s policies was entirely for the beneï ¬ t of Macedonia. Hamilton states that: â€Å"Philip’s policy was primarily aimed at the advancement of Macedon and for this he found Greeks useful, perhaps essential. Alexander and his contemporaries received a good Greek education and in them Greek culture was more securely rooted. But admiration for Greek culture need not imply a desire to secure the welfare of Greece†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Was Fusion even Alexander’s idea- Persian policies! Although it is hard to deï ¬ ne when exactly the idea ï ¬ rst ‘popped’ into Alexanders head, it certainly would have manifested itself during the Macedonians stay in Babylon. Because it was from here that he had the ability to fuse the two cultures, as after Gaugamela- the Persian Empire was effectively his. At the time Alexander’s policy was considered revolutionary, the complete opposite of the Macedonian dealing with conquered people. However, as Fox suggests without the â€Å"Persian background Alexander’s own plans for government have been made to seem unnecessarily radical.† Persians in fact, had been fusing ideas and cultures for generations as â€Å"two hundred years before Alexander, they had overthrown the empire of the Medes and annexed the ancient civilisation of Babylon, but in each case they had availed themselves of their subjects’ experience.† Alexander’s policy and the policy of the Persian King Cyrus (both e arned the title ‘Great’) were very similar. In around 550 BC Cyrus expanded his annexed Median and Persian lands to include the Fertile Cresent. After conquering â€Å"He adopted a policy of toleration toward the people he conquered. For example, he allowed them to speak their own languages, practice their own religions, and follow their own ways of life. He also declared the ï ¬ rst Charter of Human Rights. Etched on a clay cylinder, this charter set forth Cyrus’ goals and policies. His respect for the people made Cyrus popular and made it easier for him to create a peaceful and stable empire.† Reasons for Similarities or Differences! Philip had no reason to fuse the Greek and Macedonian cultures as, aside from Macedonian being governed by an absolute monarchy and the Greek States being governed by democracy the two cultures were fundamentally the same. This was because Macedonia was Hellenized. Alexander on the other hand, was dealing with two tangibly different cultures and needed fusion to effectively rule over both. There were also differences too between King Cyrus, and Alexander’s policies. King Cyrus’s policy worked. As the most important man of the nation, if Cyrus tolerated the Medes and the peoples from the Fertile Cresent, the rest of his subjects would have too. Unlike the Greeks and Macedonians, they did not believe themselves to be superior to the people they conquered. The nature of Persian Kingship ensured the stability of the empire for the next 200 years. Alexander would have known of Cyrus’s policy and could potentially have tried to mimic it, seeing as it was so effective. Without Persian Background Alexander’s own plans for government have been make to seem unnecessarily radical (Fox). Purpose The purpose of Alexanders Policy of Fusion has been widely debated. There are several arguments. On one hand, we have William Tarn’s utopian view of homonoia- Alexander’s desire for universalism, to create a ‘brotherhood of man’. On the other, we have the juxtaposed AB Boswoth’s view that Alexander did not really attempt to ‘fuse’ the two cultures together, instead he was really playing one off against the other. As discussed in Nicholas Ed Foster’s thesis, both Classical Historians have ï ¬â€šaws in their arguments. Tarn is perceived to practically worship Alexander and his achievements, focussing on creating the big picture of the great king, while overlooking massacres that occurred during the campaign. Bosworth does the opposite, as he focuses on the massacres and ignores Alexander’s intentions. There are other ideas surrounding the purpose of fusion, one is that it was used because it  provided the practical means to rule the two peoples. Other’s argue that fusion was an attempt to spread Greek culture. Brotherhood of Man At the time, Alexander’s ideas were considered revolutionary. His actions completely went against the ideas of Aristotle, where captured people were barbarians, treated worse than animals. Alexander changed this completely. When he declared that all men were alike sons of one Father and when, at Opis he prayed that Macedonian and Persians might partners in the commonwealth and that the peoples of his world might live in harmony and unity of heart and mind (Tarn). According to Curtius Rufus Alexander justiï ¬ ed his entire conquest by saying that he had hoped to annex his empire to many famous peoples. He also justiï ¬ ed his actions around marriage by saying that his intention â€Å"was to erase all distinction between conquered and conquerer†. Practical Means to Rule Alexander’s Policy of Fusion is considered by some to have stemmed from necessity. Put simply, fusion was a practical way to bring Hellenic and Eastern cultures under one rulethis was the purpose of it. Due to the vast expanse of the empire, the area simply became too large to be controlled solely by the Macedonian Army. Furthermore, â€Å"By appointing Persian satraps, or in many cases simply leaving them in their previous positions of power, Alexander was able to prevent the rise of dissent from the populace.† (Nicholas Ed Foster, Thesis LSU) Tamsin Woolf AS91397 Policy in Action: Alexanders Policy wasn’t a mere Policy of words, it was a Policy shown in action. Alexander showed his policy in various ways, both big and small. After entering Babylon, Alexander was quick to initiate his policy of fusion through action. His ï ¬ rst action, after entering the great city, was to restore the temples that were destroyed by Xerxes, including the great Temple of Bel, where he made a sacriï ¬ ce. Much to the surprise of the Macedonians, respect was shown to Persian nobility, especially to Kings of the past. Bessus, for the murder of Darius, was paid special attention. After having his face customarily mutilated and torturing him, Alexander â€Å"had him torn limb from limb. He had the tops of two straight trees bent down so that they met, and part of Bessus’ body was tied to each. Then when each tree was let go and sprang back to its upright position, the part of the body that was attached to it was torn off by the recoil. (Plutarch) Persians were given positions of power and included in Alexanders army. Previously considered ‘barbarians’ were made Satraps of provinces with the most signiï ¬ cant being Mazeaeus re-established as satrap of Babylon and Porus, being given back his rule after his defeat at Hydaspes. Alexanders elite Companion Cavalry which previously was comprised of men from the ranks of Macedonian nobility, who had proven their worth in the ï ¬ eld of battle now included Persian Lords. Alexander adopted the Persian dress, wearing the diadem along with a pure white robe and sash, a compromise between Persian and Median costume. â€Å"He may have done this from a desire to adapt himself to local habits, because he understood that the sharing of race and of customs is a great step towards softening men’s hearts.† (Plutarch) Like his father Philip, Alexander also used marriages for political reasons. Through his own marriages to Roxanne (the captive daughter of Oxyartes, a Bactrian noble), to Barsine, the eldest daughter of Darius and (according to Aristobulus) to Parysatus daughter of Artaxerxes Ochus, Alexander had linked himself with both branches of the Achaemenid Persian House. Alexander also encouraged marriages between his men and Persian women. This was demonstrated at the mass marriages at Susa which according to Hamilton: â€Å"brought to a climax his policy of fusing Macedonians and Persians into a single race.† It was at Susa that 90 of Alexanders men married noble Persian women at a mass celebration. The brides received considerable dowries. One of the most dubious enforced actions introduced by Alexander was the Persian court practice, proskynesis. Researcher Herodotus of Halicarnassus observed the practice: â€Å"When the Persians meet one another in the roads, you can see whether those who meet are of equal rank. For instead of greeting by words, they kiss each other on the mouth; but if one of them is inferior to the other, they kiss one another on the cheeks, and if one is of much less noble rank than the other, he falls down before him and worships him.† As part of his Policy of Fusion, Alexander believed that the action would bring Persians and Macedonians together, however instead of this, it only managed to highlight the differences between races. While Persians already performed proskynesis to their King, for Macedonians, the action was reserved only for gods. Along with his other actions, Alexander ensured sustainability for the future and had 30,000 Iranian boys trained for the military, they were taught Greek, wore Macedonian attire and used Macedonian weapons. They were called ‘The Successors’. According to Arrian, Alexander called them his Epigoni- his inheritors. The title for the boys was apt as they would inherit the empire, and before Alexander’s death, they were obliged to him only. Persian Reaction: Implications and Impacts The Persian people viewed Alexander as a liberator, his actions repeatedly encouraged them to trust him. Unlike the Macedonians, the Persians did not have to do anything to be a part of Alexanders policy, instead, Alexanders actions encouraged the Macedonians to adopt Persian customs. Through sacriï ¬ cing to the Temple of Bel, ensuring a proper funeral for King Darius and hunting down Bessus for Darius’s murder, Alexander showed great respect for the Persian people and their customs. Before Persepolis Alexander’s men followed their leader blindly. They would die for him. They would die for the noble cause of punishing the Persians. As Alexander started to implement his Policy of Fusion discontent began to brew amongst the Macedonian Camp. Having to live in harmony with the ‘barbarians’ who they came to Asia to conquer was something they were not prepared for. This was something they struggled with as the Macedonians and  Greeks believed that they were the superior race. Furthermore, many Macedonians felt that Alexander was no longer loyal to them and thus became resentful. The strain in the relationship is shown through several events some of which are explicit reactions to fusion, while others are implicit. Division between Old Guard and New Guard The division of the Old and New Guard is shown through the Old Guard’s more extreme reactions to Alexander’s Policy of Fusion early on in the piece. Many of the Old Guard had fought under Philip and were used to his ways. This, combined with their distaste for the Fusion Policy and that the Old Guard felt that their actions at Battles past, had been forgotten created a divide between the young and old. Philotas and Parmenio In late 330 BC, in the early stages of the implementation of Fusion, a plot was hatched to kill the King. Philotas was informed to consult the King immediately, but failed to twice. Because of this he was connected to the plot and killed. Shot down by the Macedonian javelins together with his fellow conspirators (Arrian). There are several other factors that could have contributed to his death. Philotas was known to condemn the Policy. His death was a combination of Alexander’s growing insecurity concerning plots and the Macedonian resentment of Fusion. These factors blinded Alexander into believing Philotas’s guilt. There is no hard evidence to suggest Philotas’s guilt. The only proof of it appears to be his failure to organise an audience for Cebalinus or to inform Alexander of what he had been told (Hamilton). As a result of the danger of a Parmenio ï ¬ lled with vengeance at the death of his son, Parmenio was murdered too. These incidents prove how adamant Alexander was to continue with his policy, using brutality for the greater good of ensuring harmony between two peoples. Cleitus Cleitus the Black was the Commander of the Royal Squadron of Companion Cavalry and a friend of Philip. In Maracanda, 328 BC, at a drinking party Cleitus and some of the older members became offended by an insulting chant. The division between the old and young is highlighted as the â€Å"older members shouted their disproval of both the composer and the singer, but Alexander and those next to him listened with evident enjoyment and told the singer to continue Whereupon Cleitus who, besides being naturally surly and having a savage temper, was by now drunk, became extremely angry† (Plutarch). In his speech, Cleitus vented all his feelings over the last few years, particularly around fusion. â€Å"It was not right for Macedonians who were much superior to those who mocked them, even if they had met with misfortune, to be insulted before natives and enemies.† â€Å"The dead I call fortunate; they don’t live to see the Macedonians ï ¬â€šogged by the the rods of Medians and begging Persians for permission to have an audience with their king.† (Plutarch) †¦ â€Å"Go, and live with foreigners, slaves who will bow down before your Persian girdle and your white tunic.† (Plutarch) As a result of Cleitus’s comments, Alexander (who was also drunk) snatched a spear from one of his bodyguards and ran it through Cleitus. Proskynesis Historically, Persians had performed proskynesis when recognising someone of higher rank than them, as they had done to Darius, they prostrated themselves before Alexander. The action was not one of worship, merely recognising someone of higher rank. For the Macedonians however, the action was something only the slavish barbarians did. For them, the action was strictly reserved for gods. Despite Alexanders attempts to prove his divinity, he was human. What added salt to the wound was that before the campaigns he had adopted the historical Macedonian form of Kingship- prima inter pares- ï ¬ rst amongst equals. Despite knowing this, Alexander had counted in the action to enhance his fusion policy. In 327 BCE Alexander attempted to introduce proskynesis at a drinking party. According to Plutarch Alexander passed the cup to one of his friends, who took it, rose from his couch, turned to face the hearth, drank, and performed proskynesis before kissing Alexander and resuming his place. All the guests followed suit except for the philosopher Callisthenes, who refused to prostrate himself. One opposed to the action seems insigniï ¬ cant. Indeed, he was the only person to voice openly his disproval of what all the best and oldest of the Macedonians resented in their hearts. By preventing the introduction of this practise he saved the Greeks from great disgrace and Alexander from a greater (Plutarch). Mutiny at Opis One of the most illuminating examples of the Macedonian reaction to Fusion was the Mutiny at Opis- as it highlights the extent of the discontent  between Alexander and his troops. With a previous mutiny, conspiracies and the rejection of proskynesis already under their belt, the arrival of the ‘Successors’ in Susa was the tip of the iceberg for the Macedonians. The 30,000 Iranian boys arrived in Susa wearing Macedonian clothing and carrying Macedonian equipment, performing a dazzling display of discipline and deftness  before the Macedonian Army. At Opis, Alexander announced that he was releasing from the Army those who, because of old age or disablement, were no longer ï ¬ r for service and was sending them home (Arrian). This greatly vexed the Macedonian Army as they assumed that Alexander intended to replace them with the young ‘war dancers’ as they resentfully termed them (Hamilton). This assumption, combined with their distaste in Alexander’s dress throughout the campaign, his appointment (or re-appointment) of foreign Satrap leaders and inclusion of Persian in the Army (including into the prestigious Companion Cavalry) lead to their response. Arrian states that: â€Å"they did not stand passively in respectful silence, but shouted to him to dismiss every man of them and carry on with his ‘father’, mocking Ammon by this remark.† A mutiny against Alexanders actions as a result of his Fusion policy is signiï ¬ cant because it shows just how widespread the discontent was, this discontent was not something felt only by the Old Guard. Patterns of Reaction Fusion- Can we trust it?! Fusion rufï ¬â€šed the feathers of the Macedonians. It created tension which lead to recurring negative reaction. Although most Macedonians were opposed to  the policy from the outset, the Old Guard seemed more offended by it and people knew where they stood. The execution of Philotas and Parmenio and the murder of Cleitus show just how important the policy was to Alexander and how seriously he took opposition to it. As time went on war weariness and Alexander’s change in status from ‘ï ¬ rst amongst equals’ to Son of Ammon started to take a toll on the rest of the troops, the discontent in the Macedonian Army regarding fusion became more widespread, ultimately resulting in Mutiny. As none of the primary sources exist today, I have used all secondary sources in my report. This begs the question- can the sources be trusted? The secondary sources each used different primary sources from both the Good Tradition and the Vulgate. I used Arrian, Plutarch and Curtius Rufus. Arrian used mainly Ptolemy and Aristobulous but he also used Nearchus and Callisthenes. Plutarch used all sources, while Curtius Rufus used an unknown source, embellished with Cleitarchus who used sensational popular beliefs, rather than facts. This ultimately made Curtius Rufus less reliable than Arrian and Plutarch. However, it is highly improbable that the secondary sources used the primary sources word for word, rather they used the primary sources to back up their own conclusions about Alexander. There is also the question of what the primary sources had to gain from their writing. Although the good tradition are considered to be more reliable than the vulgate, they were all close to Alexander and potentially built up his achievements for their own personal gain. Conclusion: In conclusion, Alexander’s Policy of Fusion was implemented in order for Alexander to effectively govern both Persians and Macedonians. It sparked many negative reactions from the Macedonians who viewed themselves as superior. Initially the more extreme reactions were shown by the Old Guard, but with time, the whole of the army came to oppose the policy, as shown  through the Mutiny at Opis. Despite the opposition, Alexander chose to continue to pursue his policy with great perseverance. Bibliography Websites: http://www.mainlesson.com/display.php?author=abbott&book=alexander&story=death Date http://www.livius.org/pp-pr/proskynesis/proskynesis.htm http://student.kc.school.nz/ClassWebs/ClassicsWeb/Classics301/Alexander%20The%20Great/ Alexander%20PwrPts/E.%20Alexander%20&%20the%20Macedonians/1.ThePolicyofFusion.pdf! http://etd.lsu.edu/docs/available/etd-04112005-150526/unrestricted/Foster_thesis.pdf http://www.google.co.nz/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=5&ved=0CDsQFjAE&url=http %3A%2F%2Feduco.vln.school.nz%2Fmod%2Fresource%2Fview.php%3Fid %3D4300&ei=WMlpU5XECIilkQXVkIHwBg&usg=AFQjCNExDT4GSgLAlubZldzs7r8rQUMag&bvm=bv.66111022,d.dGI http://www.eduplace.com/kids/socsci/ca/books/bkf3/writing/02_empires.pdf Books Arrian. (1976) The Campaigns of Alexander, page 356 Penguin Classics Hamilton, JR. (1973). Alexander the Great. Hutchinson & Co (Publishers) LTD page 28 Plutarch. (1973). The Age of Alexander. Penguin Classics- page 301, 283 The History of Alexander Penguin Classics pages 244,245

The Power Of The Mind Mindfulness Meditation - 1574 Words

Mason Rosenberger Rosenberger 1 Professor Nichols Travis Health 101 4-20-2017 The Power of the Mind: Mindfulness Meditation Mind over matter, the idea that our minds have the power to overcome physical problems. One of the most ancient techniques that points to this concept is called mindfulness meditation. This ancient practice is now being researched by todays psychologist and neuro scientist for its benefits to our wellness. My research topic will explain how meditation impacts our health. If our minds have the power to heal ourselves through mental discipline, then the advantages are infinite. Mindfulness meditation is practiced by†¦show more content†¦On the brain scans, they had increased concentrations of gray matter. One of the regions that increased was the hippocampus, associated with learning, memory and emotional regulation. The participants of this study also reported more compassion to life events. Being without judgment towards others, in a state of openness to new viewpoints. Anderson JW, Liu C, Kryscio RJ. Blood pressure response to transcendental meditation: Research showed participants who did meditation reduced blood pressure by 4.5 and 3.5 mm. Another control study was down with high risk patients (average age 58) who were assigned to do meditation over the course of 5 years. This was done by â€Å"Schneider R, Nidich S, Kotchen JM, et al. Effects of stress reduction on clinical events in African Americans with coronary heart disease.† When they did the follow up for the for-stress reduction, it showed a 43% reduction in risk for stroke and myocardial infractions. It also showed a reduce in blood pressure for their participants over the course of 5 years. Stress reduction isn’t only beneficial to the ones who want to decrease heart disease but also for the ones dealing with post-traumatic stress syndrome. 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